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Verenigde Staten - Grenscontroles - Inkijken van computers en PDA’s
Verenigde Staten
douane
elektronisch apparaat
eerbiediging van het privé-leven
mobiele telefoon
microcomputer
industriële spionage
grenscontrole
mobiele communicatie
| 4/9/2008 | Verzending vraag (Einde van de antwoordtermijn: 9/10/2008) |
| 17/10/2008 | Antwoord |
Diverse media maakten gewag van het feit dat het Department of Homeland Security (DHS) in de Verenigde Staten beleidsdocumenten heeft vrijgegeven waarin staat dat de douane van de Verenigde Staten (VS) van elke reiziger elektronische apparaten (zoals laptops en mobiele telefoons) mag inhouden (zelfs voor onbepaalde tijd) en de daarop aanwezige documenten mag controleren en kopiëren.
Graag had ik hieromtrent dan ook een gedetailleerd antwoord ontvangen op volgende vragen:
1) Klopt de berichtgeving dat de douane van de Verenigde Staten (VS) elektronische apparaten (zoals laptops en mobiele telefoons) van reizigers naar de VS mag innemen (zelfs voor onbepaalde tijd) en de daarop aanwezige documenten mag controleren en kopiëren, zonder dat daar een concrete verdenking van enig strafbaar feit voor nodig is?
2) Is de geachte minister bekend met het doel van dit beleid en de overwegingen die hiertoe hebben geleid? Zo niet, is hij bereid daar naar te informeren bij zijn Amerikaanse tegenhanger?
3) Vreest hij niet dat dit een te verregaande schending van de privacy is van onze landgenoten die naar de Verenigde Staten reizen? Kan hij dit toelichten? Zo ja, wat gaat hij doen?
4) Vreest hij niet dat de bekomen informatie oneigenlijk kan gebruikt worden zoals voor bedrijfsspionage en heeft hij deze bezorgdheid reeds kenbaar gemaakt aan de Amerikaanse regering en vooral, gaat hij dit aankaarten binnen de regering en op Europees niveau?
5) Is hij bereid al of niet binnen Europese context te protesteren bij de Amerikaanse autoriteiten over het willekeurig in beslag nemen en/of doorzoeken van apparatuur, en is hij bereid er bij de VS op aan te dringen dat dit slechts is toegestaan indien er een concrete verdenking van een ernstig strafbaar feit is? Zo neen, waarom niet? Zo ja, op welke termijn en via welke weg? Welke andere pistes acht hij opportuun?
De nieuwe procedure die door Department of Homeland Security (DHS) wordt toegepast sinds 16 juli 2008 voorziet de mogelijkheid voor agenten van de US Customs and Border Protection (CBP) om laptops en andere informatiedragers te onderzoeken en achter te houden (harde schijven, ipods, memory sticks, gsm’s, video- en audiocassettes) voor onbepaalde periode bij binnenkomst van de Verenigde Staten.
Deze praktijk maakt deel uit van de grenscontrole en wordt van VS zijde gezien als een onderdeel van de strijd tegen het terrorisme, drugsmokkel, kinderpornografie en andere nationale veiligheidsmaatregelen. Dit nieuwe beleid is van toepassing op zowel buitenlandse bezoekers als Amerikaanse burgers.
Interne audits zijn uitgewerkt om na te gaan of elk uitgevoerd onderzoek voldoet aan de voorgeschreven procedures van het nieuwe beleid. Meer bepaald is het toepassingsveld van deze reglementering qua tijd en inhoud beperkt. Er wordt oonder.andere. meermaals bepaald dat de dokumenten voor een “redelijk tijdperk” mogen behouden worden en dat de agentschapen en bevoegde instanties zo snel mogelijk dienen tussen te komen.
Er zijn in de procedure specifieke voorschriften voorzien voor de behandeling van bepaalde vormen van informatie zoals gevoelige bedrijfsinformatie, informatie die valt onder briefgeheim of informatie die valt onder het beroepsgeheim van advocaten. Er wordt bij voorbeeld uitdrukkelijk gemeld dat “business information” als confidentiële informatie dient beschouwd te worden en dat gesloten postenvelopes niet mogen geopend worden zonder een rechterlijk mandaat (zie punt E. (2) van de procedure).
Bijgevoegd vindt u de volledige tekst in het Engels van de nieuwe toegepaste procedure.
U.S. Customs and Border Protection
Policy
Regarding Border Search of Information
July 16, 2008
This policy provides guidance to U.S Customs and Border Protection (CBP) Officers, Border Patrol Agents, Air and Marine Agents, Internal Affairs Agents, and any other official of CBP authorized to conduct border searches (for purposes of this policy, all such officers and agents are hereinafter referred to as "officers") regarding the border search of information contained in documents and electronic devices. More specifically, this policy sets forth the legal and policy guidelines within which officers may search, review, retain, and share certain information possessed by individuals who are encountered by CBP at the border, functional equivalent of the border, or extended border. This policy governs border search authority only; nothing in this policy limits the authority of CBP to act pursuant to other authorities such as a warrant or a search incident to arrest.
A. Purpose
CBP is responsible for ensuring compliance with customs, immigration, and other Federal laws at the border. To that end, officers may examine documents, books, pamphlets, and other printed material, as well as computers, disks, hard drives, and other electronic or digital storage devices. These examinations are part of CBP's long-standing practice and are essential to uncovering vital law enforcement information. For example, examinations of documents and electronic devices are a crucial tool for detecting information concerning terrorism, narcotics smuggling, and other national security matters; alien admissibility; contraband including child pornography, monetary instruments, and information in violation of copyright or trademark laws; and evidence of embargo violations or other import or export control laws.
Notwithstanding this law enforcement mission, in the course of every border search, CBP will protect the rights of individuals against unreasonable search and seizure. Each operational office will maintain appropriate mechanisms for internal audit and review of compliance with the procedures outlined in this policy.
B. Review of Information in the Course of Border Search
Border searches must be performed by an officer or otherwise properly authorized officer with border search authority, such as an ICE Special Agent. In the course of a border search, and absent individualized suspicion, officers can review and analyze the information transported by any individual attempting to enter, reenter, depart, pass through, or reside in the United States, subject to the requirements and limitations provided herein. Nothing in this policy limits the authority of an officer to make written notes or reports or to document impressions relating to a border encounter.
C. Detention and Review in Continuation of Border Search
(1) Detention and Review by Officers. Officers may detain documents and electronic
devices, or copies thereof, for a reasonable period of time to perform a thorough border search. The search may take place on-site or at an off-site location. Except as noted in section D below, if after reviewing the information there is not probable cause to seize it, any copies of the information must be destroyed. All actions surrounding the detention will be documented by the officer and certified by the Supervisor.
(2) Assistance by Other Federal Agencies or Entities.
(a) Translation and Decryption. Officers may encounter information in
documents or electronic devices that is in a foreign language and/or encrypted. To assist CBP in determining the meaning of such information, CBP may seek translation and/or decryption assistance from other Federal agencies or entities. Officers may seek such assistance absent individualized suspicion. Requests for translation and decryption assistance shall be documented.
(b) Subject Matter Assistance. Officers may encounter information in
documents or electronic devices that is not in a foreign language or encrypted, but that nevertheless requires referral to subject matter experts to determine whether the information is relevant to the laws enforced and administered by CBP. With supervisory approval, officers may create and transmit a copy of information to an agency or entity for the purpose of obtaining subject matter assistance when they have reasonable suspicion of activities in violation of the laws enforced by CBP. Requests for subject matter assistance shall be documented.
(c) Original documents and devices should only be transmitted when
necessary to render the requested assistance.
(d) Responses and Time for Assistance.
(1) Responses Required. Agencies or entities receiving a request for
assistance in conducting a border search are to provide such assistance as expeditiously as possible. Where subject matter assistance is requested, responses should include any findings, observations, and conclusions relating to the laws enforced by CBP.
(2) Time for Assistance. Responses from assisting agencies are
expected in an expeditious manner so that CBP may complete its border search in a reasonable period of time. Unless otherwise approved by the principal field official such as the Director, Field
Operations or Chief Patrol Agent, responses should be received within fifteen (15) days. This timeframe is to be explained in the request for assistance. If the assisting agency is unable to respond in that period of time, CBP may permit extensions in increments of seven (7) days. For purposes of this provision, ICE is not considered to be a separate agency.
(e) Destruction. Except as noted in section D below, if after reviewing
information, probable cause to seize the information does not exist, any copies of the information must be destroyed.
D. Retention and Sharing of Information Found in Border Searches
(1) By CBP.
(a) Retention with Probable Cause. When officers determine there is
probable cause of unlawful activity—based on a review of information in documents or electronic devices encountered at the border or on other facts and circumstances—they may seize and retain the originals and/or copies of relevant documents or devices, as authorized by law.
(b) Other Circumstances. Absent probable cause, CBP may only retain
documents relating to immigration matters, consistent with the privacy and data protection standards of the system in which such information is retained.
(c) Sharing. Copies of documents or devices, or portions thereof, which are
retained in accordance with this section, may be shared by CBP with Federal, state, local, and foreign law enforcement agencies only to the extent consistent with applicable law and policy.
(d) Destruction. Except as noted in this section, if after reviewing
information, there exists no probable cause to seize the information, CBP will retain no copies of the information.
(2) By Assisting Agencies and Entities.
(a) During Assistance. All documents and devices, whether originals or
copies, provided to an assisting Federal agency may be retained by that agency for the period of time needed to provide the requested assistance to CBP.
(b) Return or Destruction. At the conclusion of the requested assistance, all
information must be returned to CBP as expeditiously as possible. In addition, the assisting Federal agency or entity must certify to CBP that all copies of the information transferred to that agency or entity have been destroyed, or advise CBP in accordance with section 2(c) below.
(i) In the event that any original documents or devices are
transmitted, they must not be destroyed; they are to be returned to CBP unless seized based on probable cause by the assisting agency.
(c) Retention with Independent Authority. Copies may be retained by an
assisting Federal agency or entity only if and to the extent that it has the independent legal authority to do so—for example, when the information is of national security or intelligence value. In such cases, the retaining agency must advise CBP of its decision to retain information on its own authority.
E. Review and Handling of Certain Types of Information
(1) Business Information. Officers encountering business or commercial information
in documents and electronic devices shall treat such information as business confidential information and shall take all reasonable measures to protect that information from unauthorized disclosure. Depending on the nature of the information presented, the Trade Secrets Act, the Privacy Act, and other laws may govern or restrict the handling of the information.
(2) Sealed Letter Class Mail. Officers may not read or permit others to read
correspondence contained in sealed letter class mail (the international equivalent of First Class) without an appropriate search warrant or consent. Only articles in the postal system are deemed "mail." Letters carried by individuals or private carriers such as DHL, UPS, or Federal Express, for example, are not considered to be mail, even if they are stamped, and thus are subject to a border search as provided in this policy.
(3) Attorney-Client Privileged Material. Occasionally, an individual claims that the
attorney-client privilege prevents the search of his or her information at the border. Although legal materials are not necessarily exempt from a border search, they may be subject to special handling procedures.
Correspondence, court documents, and other legal documents may be covered by attorney-client privilege. If an officer suspects that the content of such a document may constitute evidence of a crime or otherwise pertain to a determination within the jurisdiction of CBP, the officer must seek advice from the Associate/Assistant Chief Counsel or the appropriate U.S. Attorney's office before conducting a search of the documents.
(4) identification Documents. Passports, Seaman's Papers, Airman Certificates, driver's licenses, state identification cards, and similar government identification documents can be copied for legitimate government purposes without any suspicion of illegality.
F. No Private Right Created
This document is an internal policy statement of CBP and does not create any rights, privileges, or benefits for any person or party.